This site is being phased out.
Notation
Generalities:
- $\Rightarrow \quad$ “therefore”;
- $\Leftrightarrow \quad$ “if and only if”;
- $\forall \quad$ “for any” or “for all”;
- $\exists \quad$ “there exists” or “for some”;
- $A:= $ or $=:A \quad$ “$A$ is defined as”;
- $A \setminus B:= \{x\in A:\ x\not\in B\}$;
- $A^n:=\{(x_1,...,x_n):x_i\in A\} \quad$ the $n$th power of set $A$;
- $f:X\to Y \quad$ a function from set $X$ to set $Y$;
- $i_X:A \hookrightarrow X \quad$ the inclusion function of subset $A\subset X$ of set $X$ into $X$;
- ${\rm Id}_X:X\to X \quad$ the identity function on set $X$;
- $f:x\mapsto y \quad$ function $f$ takes $x\in X$ to $y \in Y$, i.e., $f(x)=y$;
- $\#A \quad$ the cardinality of set $A$;
- $f(A) :=\{y\in Y:y=f(x),x\in A\} \quad$ the image of subset $A\subset X$ under $f:X\to Y$;
- $\operatorname{Im} f :=f(X) \quad$ the (total) image of $f:X\to Y$;
- $\operatorname{Graph} f :=\{(x,y):y=f(x)\} \subset X\times Y \quad$ the graph of function $f:X\to Y$;
- $2^X:=\{A\subset X\} \quad$ the power set of set $X$.
Basic topology:
- $\operatorname{Cl}(A) \quad$ the closure of subset $A\subset X$ in $X$;
- $\operatorname{Int}(A) \quad$ the interior of subset $A\subset X$ in $X$;
- $\operatorname{Fr}(A) \quad$ the frontier of subset $A\subset X$ in $X$;
- $B(a,\delta)= \{u\in {\bf R}^n : ||u-a|| < \delta \} \quad$ the open ball centered at $a\in {\bf R}^n$ of radius $\delta$;
- $\bar{B}(a,\delta)= \{u\in {\bf R}^n : ||u-a|| \le \delta \} \quad$ the closed ball centered at $a\in {\bf R}^n$ of radius $\delta$;
- $\dot{\sigma} \quad$ the interior/inside of cell $\sigma$;
- $F(X,Y) \quad$ the set of all functions $f:X\to Y$;
- $C(X,Y) \quad$ the set of all maps $f:X\to Y$;
- $C(X):=C(X,{\bf R})$, or $C(X,R)$ for some ring$R$.
Sets:
- ${\bf R} \quad$ the real numbers;
- ${\bf C} \quad$ the complex numbers;
- ${\bf Q} \quad$ the rational numbers;
- ${\bf Z} \quad$ the integers;
- ${\bf Z}_n:=\{0,1,...,n-1\} \quad$ the integers modulo $n$;
- ${\bf R}^n:=\{(x_1,...,x_n):x_i\in {\bf R}\} \quad$ the $n$-dimensional Euclidean space;
- ${\mathbb R}^n \quad$ the standard cubical complex representation -- with unit cubes -- of ${\bf R}^n$;
- ${\bf R}^n_+:=\{(x_1,...,x_n):x_i\in {\bf R},x_1 \ge 0\} \quad$ the positive half-space of ${\bf R}^n$;
- ${\bf B}^n := \{u\in {\bf R}^n: ||u|| \le 1\} \quad$ the closed unit ball in ${\bf R}^n$;
- ${\bf S}^{1} \quad$ the circle;
- ${\bf S}^{n-1} := \{u\in {\bf R}^n: ||u|| = 1\} \quad$ the unit sphere in ${\bf R}^n$;
- ${\bf I}:=[0,1] \quad$ the closed unit interval;
- ${\bf I}^n \quad$ the $n$-cube;
- ${\bf T}={\bf T}^2 \quad$ the torus;
- ${\bf T}^n := \ {\bf S}^1 \times {\bf S}^1 .. \times {\bf S}^1 \quad$ the $n$-torus;
- ${\bf M}={\bf M}^2 \quad$ the Mobius band;
- ${\bf P}={\bf P}^2 \quad$ the projective plane;
- ${\bf K}={\bf K}^2 \quad$ the Klein bottle.
Algebra:
- $\langle x,y \rangle \quad $ the inner product;
- $<A|B> \quad$ the subgroup of group $G$ generated by the subset $A \subset G$ with condition $B$ (the span in the case of vector spaces);
- $<a>:=\{na:n\in {\bf Z}\} \quad$ the cyclic subgroup of group $G$ generated by element $a\in G$;
- $x \sim y \quad$ equivalence of elements with respect to equivalence relation $\sim$;
- $[a]:=\{x\in A: x\sim a\} \quad$ the equivalence class of $a\in A$ with respect to equivalence relation $\sim$;
- $A /_{\sim } := \{[a]:a\in A\} \quad$ the quotient of set $A$ with respect to equivalence relation $\sim$;
- $[f]:A /_{\sim } \to B / _{\sim} \quad$ the quotient function of function $f:A \to B$ with respect to these two equivalence relations, i.e., $[f]([a]):=[f(a)]$;
- $A\times B := \{(a,b):a\in A,b\in B\} \quad$ the product of sets $A,B$;
- $G\oplus H := \{(a,b):a\in G,b\in H\} \quad$ the direct sum of abelian groups (or vector spaces) $G,H$;
- $g\oplus h :G\oplus H \to G'\oplus H' \quad$ the direct sum of homomorphisms (or linear operators) $g:G\to G',h:H \to H'$, i.e., $(g\oplus h) (a,b) := (g(a),h(b))$;
- $\mathcal{S}_n \quad$ the group of permutations of $n$ elements;
- $\mathcal{A}_n \quad$ the group of even permutations of $n$ elements;
- commutative diagrams and a non-commutative diagram:
$$ \newcommand{\ra}[1]{\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\xrightarrow{\quad#1\quad}\!\!\!\!\!} \newcommand{\da}[1]{\left\downarrow{\scriptstyle#1}\vphantom{\displaystyle\int_0^1}\right.} \newcommand{\la}[1]{\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\xleftarrow{\quad#1\quad}\!\!\!\!\!} \newcommand{\ua}[1]{\left\uparrow{\scriptstyle#1}\vphantom{\displaystyle\int_0^1}\right.} \begin{array}{ccccc} A & \ra{} & B \\ & \searrow & \da{} \\ & & C \end{array} \quad \quad \begin{array}{ccccc} A & \ra{} & B \\ \da{}& & \da{}\\ D& \ra{}& C \end{array} \quad \quad \begin{array}{ccccc} A & \ra{} & B \\ \da{}& \ne & \da{}\\ D&\ra{} & C \end{array} $$
Homology: $X,Y$ cell complexes, $M,N$ chain complexes
- $C_n=C_n(X) \quad$ the group of $n$-chains of cell complex $X$;
- $\partial _n:C_n(X)\to C_{n-1}(X) \quad$ the $n$th boundary operator of $X$;
- $C(X):=\{C_n(X):n=0,1,2,...\}$, or $C(X):=\oplus _n C_n(X) \quad$ the (total) chain group of $X$;
- $\partial =\{\partial _n:C_n(X)\to C_{n-1}(X)\}:C(X) \to C(X) \quad$ the (total) boundary operator of $X$;
- $C(X)=\{C(X),\partial\} \quad$ the chain complex of $X$;
- $f_n:C_n(X)\to C_n(Y) \quad$ the $n$th chain map of map $f:X\to Y$;
- $f_{\Delta}:=\{f_n:n=0,1,2...\}:C(X)\to C(Y)$, or $f_{\Delta}:=\oplus _n f_n \quad$ the (total) chain map of map $f:X\to Y$;
- $Z_n=Z_n(X):=\ker \partial _n \quad$ the group of $n$-cycles of $X$, or
- $Z_n(M):=\ker \partial _n \quad$ the group of $n$-cycles of $M$;
- $B_n=B_n(X):=\operatorname{Im} \partial _{n+1} \quad$ the group of $n$-boundaries of $X$, or
- $B_n(M):=\operatorname{Im} \partial _{n+1} \quad$ the group of $n$-boundaries of $M$;
- $H_n=H_n(X):=Z_n(X) / B_n(X) \quad$ the $n$th homology group of $X$, or
- $H_n(M):=Z_n(M) / B_n(M) \quad$ the $n$th homology group of $M$;
- $H(X):=\{H_n(X):n=0,1,2,...\}$, or $H(X):=\oplus _n H_n(X) \quad$ the (total) homology group of $X$, or
- $H(M) \quad$ the (total) homology group of $M$;
- $\beta_n(X) := \dim H_n(X) \quad$ the $n$th Betti number of $X$, or
- $\beta_n (M) := \dim H_n(X) \quad$ the $n$th Betti number of $M$;
- $[f_n]:=[f_{\Delta}]:H_n(X)\to H_n(Y) \quad$ the $n$th homology map of map $f:X\to Y$, or
- $[g_n]:H_n(M)\to H_n(N) \quad$ the $n$th homology map of the chain map $g=\{g_n:n=0,1,2...:M_n\to N_n\}$;
- $f_*:=\{[f_n]:n=0,1,2...\}:H(X)\to H(Y)$, or $f_*=\oplus _n [f_n] \quad$ the (total) homology map of map $f:X\to Y$, or
- $g_*:=\{[g_n]:n=0,1,2...\}:H(M)\to H(N)\quad$ the (total) homology map of the chain map $g:M\to N$;
- Same for $C_n(X,A;R),H_n(X,A;R) \quad$ the $n$th chain group and the $n$th homology group of the pair $(X,A)$ over ring $R$.
Other algebraic topology:
- $X \sqcup Y \quad$ the disjoint union of $X,Y$;
- $X \vee Y := \left(X \sqcup Y \right) /\{p\} \quad$ the one-point union of spaces $X,Y$;
- $\Sigma X:=[0,1] \times X / _{\{(0,x)\sim (0,y),(1,x)\sim (1,y)\}} \quad$ the suspension of $X$;
- $\chi(X) \quad$ the Euler characteristic of $X$;
- $[X,Y] \quad$ the set of all homotopy classes of maps $X\to Y$;
- $\pi_1(X) \quad$ the fundamental group of $X$;
- $|K| \quad$ the realization of complex $K$;
- ${\rm St}_A(K) \quad$ the star of vertex $A$ in complex $K$;
- $T_A(K) \quad$ the tangent space of vertex $A$ in complex $K$;
- $T(K) \quad$ the tangent bundle of complex $K$;
- $K^{(n)} \quad$ the $n$th skeleton of complex $K$;
- $A_0A_1 ... A_n \quad$ the $n$-simplex with vertices $A_0,A_1, ..., A_n$;
- $G \cong H \quad$ isomorphism;
- $X \approx Y \quad$ homeomorphism;
- $X \simeq Y \quad$ homotopy equivalence;
- $f \simeq g:X\to Y \quad$ homotopy of maps.
Notation not used:
- $3\frac{1}{3}$
- $10\%$
- $90^o$
- $\vec{v}$
- $8\div 4$
- $\log x$
- $f\circ g$
- $3\times 5$
Formatting:
- In bold:
- Theorem., sometimes with its name included, in caps, as in
- Theorem (Simplicial Approximation Theorem).,
- Definition.,
- Example.,
- Exercise.,
- Proof..
- Proofs end with $\blacksquare$.
- Examples end with $\square$.
- What is being defined is in italics.