This site is being phased out.
Tunnels
What it means to puncture a hole in a surface is clear. But the meaning of a tunnel isn't as obvious.
For example, the hole in a doughnut is visible but the fact there are two in a tire might escape some people.
How many tunnels are there in a porous material?
In fact the image does not have to be this complex to cause confusion.
Suppose we drill 3 perpendicular holes through a cube:
How many tunnels here?
There are so many ways to enter and exit these structures!
We can even try to list the seemingly reasonable answers:
- 1, because they are all connected;
- 3, by the number of times it was drilled;
- 6, by the number of entrances;
- 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15, by the number of ways one can enter and exit the structure.
As a related question, in the next image, how many tunnels do these wireframes have?
To answer the question topologically, we "flatten" them:
Then we see that there are only 3 holes in the pyramid and 5 in the cube.
The issues becomes even more complicated if you want to describe a tunnel in a surface without the benefit of a bird's-eye view, from the inside the surface. The issue becomes real when we need to understand the topology of our universe: