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New vector spaces from old

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The main examples are the following:

Subspaces of vector spaces:

 Given a vector space X and a subset Y of X.
 Then Y is called a subspace of X if it's a vector space.
 The inclusion iY: Y → X, iY(x) = x, is a linear operator.

Products of vector spaces:

 Given two vector spaces X and Y.
 Then X×Y is the product of sets, set of all pairs (a,b) of elements in X and Y respectively. 
 It is a vector space with the operations 
 (a,b) + (a',b') = (a + a',b + b') and t(a,b) = (ta,tb).
 The projections pX: X×Y → X and pY: X×Y → Y, pX(a,b) = a, pY(a,b) = b, are linear operators.

Quotients of vector spaces:

 Given a vector space X and a subspace Y. Then an equivalence relation ~ on X is defined by 
 x ~ y if x - y ∈ Y. 
 Then the quotient set X/~ is a vector space with the operation
 [x] + [y] = [x + y] and q[x] = [qx].
 The quotient function q: X → X/~, q(x) = [x], is a linear operator.

See also: